A fundamental objective of the Land Registration Act 2002 Essay

A crucial goal of the Land Registration Act 2002 - Essay Example The Land Registration Act 2002 targets permitting planned purchasers of land know the presence of any impartial interests that might be appended to the land1. The essential supposition of the law is that planned purchasers ought not take the weight of confirming the unfriendly interests joined on the land, yet ought to depend on the land register that mirrors any impartial interests connected to the land2. The Act likewise dispenses with the vast majority of superseding interests in land by guaranteeing the obligation of exposure and sensible investigation of premiums connected to land3. This paper will mostly concentrate on the principle arrangements of the Act that has guaranteed exact and convenient impression of the status of title of land. The institution of the demonstration gave another advancement in the land title enrollment and check since it changed the instrument of offer and acquisition of enlisted land from paper based exchanges to electronic exchanges. The Act followed the three standards verbalized by Thoedore Ruoff, a previous Land enlistment center of England. The standards are ‘mirror guideline, drapery rule and protection rule. For unregistered land, the title of the land must be investigated under the old principles and vender must demonstrate 15 years whole chain of the title from the foundation of the title. The buyer has the obligation to enroll his title to the register inside the specified time, inability to which the person will lose his legitimate bequest in the land. The Land library gives a depiction of the real estate parcel, the lawful proprietor and whatever other interests that may influence the worth and responsibility for land. ... The electronic system capturers all exchanges identified with the land including the enlistment of the title by the gatherings. The Act has set down conventions identifying with electronic transport, for example, time and date when the electronic manners should produce results. All the electronic marks must be confirmed and such electronic records must be marked by completely included gatherings. Segment 4 (1) (g) of the Act requires enrollment on the formation of an ensured first lawful home loan that is secured by the store of title deeds and furthermore enlistment of leases with a term surviving from over seven years. The Act additionally gives the land enlistment center forces to utilize exchange data on the system so as to screen and uncover such suitable data to different gatherings in electronic movement chain5. The Act additionally encourages electronic settlement by giving the Land enlistment center the forces to shape or aid development of an organization or put resources i nto an organization with this arrangement of electronic settlement. On account of Abbey National Building society v, Cann, the principle concern was the enlistment hole that happens when an intrigue is made at the purpose of enrollment yet before completion6. Notwithstanding, The House of Lords decided that a gathering must have real control of the land at the date of consummation of enlistment of any enthusiasm to land so as to accomplish an abrogating status to the land. In down to earth premise, the acquisition of the land isn't finished on the day the buyer makes official hunt, yet following not many days has slipped by. Given the buyer holds up an enrollment inside the specified period, the individual in question isn't limited by notification or limitations that might be made inside the mediating period7. Segment 7 (1)

Organisations and behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Associations and conduct - Case Study Example , popular government, and free enterprise as proposed by social theorists1, in any case, the diverse authority styles are as of now viewed as transformational, value-based, or alluring. Dictatorial or tyrant initiative style presents all the dynamic powers exclusively on the pioneer, and inspiration is accomplished through remunerations or disciplines. Be that as it may, for both at Egg and Taylor Woodrows workforce, this kind of administration may affect adversely on inspiration of representatives. Taking into account that the two organizations both put a ton of accentuation on representative inclusion, imperious style administration may not cultivate efficacious correspondence, an instrument profoundly and impressively connected with compelling usage of progress. Majority rule or participative authority permits workers to get effectively associated with dynamic procedures by creating plans planned for helping representatives assess their presentation. This type of initiative will especially affect emphatically with respect to workforce inspiration at Taylor Woodrow given that they as of now have a working Performance and Development Review set up. Additionally, participative administration licenses foundation of objectives by the workforce, advances development at work and advancements, and perceives accomplishment. Hence, during change execution, participative or popularity based administration encourages representative inspiration, which essentially prompts improved association execution and gainfulness. At Egg, just or participative initiative ends up being the best authority style since the organization puts a ton of accentuation on worker the board relationship, permitting representatives to engage in arranging, performing, and accomplishing for themselves and the organization in by and large. Expansion, the company’s vital methodology toward worker is moored on a ‘know yourself, know your people’ idea that puts the objectives of the organization itself as well as those of the workforce at the center of its activities. With the

Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple Inc - Essay Example The organization is situated in the Silicon Valley in the United States that is as of now encountering monetary strife. The downturn has caused some innovation organizations to close shop and seek financial protection. Joblessness in the area has expanded because of the monetary downturn. Then again, the elevated requirements of living among Americans have provoked for an expansion in labor compensation. The issues of the American economy made dangers to the maintainability of certain organizations. Be that as it may, Apple considered the to be as a chance to pool potential abilities for their new undertakings. Laws and guidelines identified with versatile specialized gadgets in the numerous locales in which the Company works are broad and liable to change. Such changes, which could remember limitations for creation, production, dissemination, and utilization of the gadget, bolting the gadget to a transporter's system, or ordering the utilization of the gadget on more than one bearer's system, could have a material adverseeffect on the Company's budgetary condition and working outcomes. Portable specialized gadgets, for example, iPhone, are dependent upon accreditation and guideline by legislative and normalization bodies, just as by cell organize bearers for use on their systems. These affirmation forms are broad and tedious, and could bring about extra testing prerequisites, item alterations or postponements in item shipment. (Apple, Inc, 2008) Data innovation framework disappointments, organize interruptions and penetrates of information security could upset the organization's activities by causing postponements or wiping out of client, including channel accomplice. This circumstance can adversely influence the organization's online contributions and administrations, obstructing the assembling or shipment of items, handling exchanges and revealing monetary outcomes, bringing about the accidental exposure of client or organization data, or harm to the Company's notoriety. (Apple, Inc, 2008) War, fear based oppression, geopolitical vulnerabilities, general medical problems, and different business interferences have caused and could make harm or interruption worldwide trade and the worldwide economy, and hence could have a solid negative impact on the Company, its providers, coordinations suppliers, fabricating sellers and clients, including channel accomplices. The Company's business activities are dependent upon interference by cataclysmic events, fire, power deficiencies, fear based oppressor assaults, and other threatening acts, work debates, general medical problems, and different occasions outside its ability to control. Such occasions could diminish interest for the Company's items, make it troublesome or unimaginable for the Company to make and convey items to its clients, including channel accomplices, or to get parts from its providers, and make postponements and wasteful aspects in the Company's flexibly chain. Should significant general medical problems, including pandemics, emerge, the Company could be adversely influenced by increasingly severe representative travel limitations, extra confinements in cargo administrations, legislative activities restricting the development of items between districts, delays underway slopes of new items, and interruptions in the tasks of the Company's assembling merchants and part providers. (Ap ple, Inc, 2008) The innovation business is an exceptionally appealing industry with a developing business sector request globally.

Top Choices of Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay

Top Choices of Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay What Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Is - and What it Is Not Growing up in a home where parents treated you as the absolute most fascinating person on earth appears to be unlikely to aid you in the actual world, besides the general awareness of self confidence it may instill. At this time you're the sole adult, and you need to do it all. Start off with an intriguing hook. 50 great ideas available. The Unexpected Truth About Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Writing just a couple lines can look like a daunting undertaking. You also argue with a vendor in an attempt to get a reduce price for the product he's selling. The actual men and women highly praise our essay help site. You can rely on the very best essay help online. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. A political order for Schmitt isn't an issue of laws that treat all folks equally. Put simply, decent luck attempting to demonstrate that some type of military isn't necessary for the security of a free state. Entice the reader to continue with the remainder of the paper! What Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Is - and What it Is Not There are a lot of Designs any time that it comes toward remaining proactive. There are many reasons why you ought to prefer our services. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. It is frequently a fantastic idea to opt for a topic that tends to elicit an emotional reaction. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. Consider the next speech ideas, a few of which are easy, and others might be a bit difficult yet relevant. Amazing collection of creative, interesting suggestions to create an ideal speech. Teens ought to be able to pick their bedtime. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. Life, Death, and Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay If this is the case, you have met the principal criteria for your essay. The essay has a little volume. Persuasive essays are a really good method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. In a devils advocate paper you would like to go against what the majority of men and women think. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Some students may feel that a tiny researchbefore writing up a lengthy essay is simpler than attempting to understand what your audience would like to read. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. A Secret Weapon for Topics for a Argument and Persuasion Essay Since you may see, the process is everywhere the same. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. Utilize research from experts in the area. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. If don't have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you have a loyal group of professionals by your side. In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's advisable to use a 5-paragraph structure. You may observe that the method is practically always the exact same. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight which could bring improved arguments on the issue. One was the growth of bureaucracy the rule of nobody that is not the exact same as no rule. Similarly pollution is an added cause for the decline. You have to come across decent evidence to back up your ideas in addition to examples to illustrate the evidence. Racial slurs ought to be illegal. School tests aren't powerful. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. They should be mandatory for the first five years after getting a license.

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay - 1815 Words

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet was set in the medieval period in Verona, Italy. Shakespeare wrote the play in 1595 and got the idea for the play from a poem by Arthur Brooke, titled â€Å"The tragical history of Romulus and Juliet†. In Arthurs version of the play, it was set over 3 months yet in Shakespeares version it was set over 3 days, Sunday to Wednesday, to make the play more dramatically effective, and shorter to watch. The play is greatly influenced by the belief in fate. During Elizabethan times love was very powerful and was also exaggerated. This is a very good way to take advantage and make things more dramatic than they actually are. This is how Shakespeare†¦show more content†¦This scene is by far the most dramatic scene in the play. Act 3 scenes 1 happens in the middle of the play, as it is the biggest fight scene of the play and it done in this way as all the tension of the 2 families builds up throughout a few scenes and just explodes. In the original fight scene the Prince threatens to kill the family who starts the next fight but as they later find out he was lenient and only banishes Romeo from Verona. This builds up dramatic tension in the play as you think the prologue must have been told wrongly and Romeo dies now but the Prince changes his mind so the play carries on. In my opinion this particular scene is good because it is full of action and it is more exciting than th e other scenes, it makes the audience wonder what is going to happen next and draws them in. I personally like the way Shakespeare uses the different types of language because I think it portrayed the contrasting characters personalities well. The scene stages a part of the play where two of the main characters Mercutio and Tybalt fight and die, it is also the turning point of the whole play, changing it from a comedy to a serious drama. The language used in this scene is very important and is linked to the character development of Romeo and Mercutio.Show MoreRelated William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1869 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet, love is depicted in several ways. Both Luhrman and Shakespeare represent love in different ways in different contexts to both the Elizabethan era and the contemporary audience. Both the original and later manifestations of the text are valued because they both communicate to the audience on the values of love and society by employing a variety of devices. The central subject dealt within Romeo and Juliet is the subject of love.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet558 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of two young lovers whose lives are cut short due to the rivalry of their families, the Capulets and the Montagues. The family feud has been present for decades but once Romeo and Juliet meet they are instantaneously in love. Love at first sight some would say. But could love at first sight really be the case? No it could not. There are many things that serve to prove Romeo and Juliet were not in love. At the beginning of the play Romeo isRead MoreGender In Romeo, Juliet And William Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet1500 Words   |  6 Pagesof masculinity; the ability to act boldly and with purpose. Both directors draw upon the themes of gender to tell their stories subtly and effectively. The theme of gender is significant in both films being contrasted in this essay; William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet (Luhrmann Martinelli, 1996) and Hamlet (Davey, Lovell Zeferelli 1990). The two films were released six years apart in the decade of the nineties; Zeffirelli does not seek to embody an evolved gender presentation at all, while LuhrmannRead MoreSympathy for Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet693 Words   |  3 PagesSympathy for Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595 and it is still popular today. Its full title is The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. It is a romantic tragedy set in Verona, about two lovers, whose families are at war with each other. I am concentrating on Act III scene V, but I will summarise the story up to this scene. So far, two lovers Romeo and Juliet agree to be marriedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play based mainly around the theme of love. This theme is good for building a play around because if there is love then you can have hate to contrast it, and many other emotions can be brought in. Love also makes the story interesting to an audience of Shakespeares time; also to audiences of more modern timesRead More Responsibility for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1449 Words   |  6 Pages Taking Responsibility for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, the star crossed lovers, the perfect sadly losing there lives for their great love of each other. The tragic death has many characters to blame, but it is impossible to pinpoint the full responsibility on one individual character. Many of the characters in Romeo and Juliet blame each other, for example, the Prince blames the two families and feud forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1768 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Although William Shakespeare wrote the story of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the 1500s, the themes depicted in the play had been around for centuries. It was a classic tragic love story. William Shakespeare needed his story to appeal and be accessible to as many people as possible. The main problem was that many people at the time could not read, therefore producing a book was pointless. So he decided to write the story of ‘Romeo andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet Shakespeares most famous tragedy is probably the tale of Romeo and Juliet. The immortal tale of two star-crossd lovers destined to an early demise, originated in Italian folklore. Shakespeares prologue is possibly the most insightful piece of the play regarding their death and the explanation of it. The ancient grudge immediately sets the ominous tone of the play. This allows the audience to understand that their deathRead More William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Although the story of Romeo and Juliet is over 500 years old, it is as relevant and appealing today as it was when first performed. Although dated, the story of Romeo and Juliet still holds great appeal and relevance to today’s society, despite the differences in morals and values between William Shakespeare’s audience 500 years ago, and Baz Luhrmann’s audience today. The arising issues of order and authority, fate and love entertain/ed and appeals/edRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a romantic tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595, which is over 400 years ago. Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"two star-crossed lovers†, who fell in love at first sight and struggle through circumstances, which ends with their death. There are some characters that are to blame for their deaths and some more than others. The Montagues are someway to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because

Career Scavenger Hunt Essay - 1755 Words

Career Scavenger Hunt Instructions Part I: NCDA Scavenger Hunt 1. What is the relationship of the NCDA to the American Counseling Association? The relationship of the NCDA to the American Counseling Association is that the â€Å"NCDA is a founding division of the American Counseling Association and collaborates with the ACA to jointly represent the interest of counselors in congress and in the national legislative process† (NCDA, 2015). 2. What is the purpose of the NCDA? The purpose of the NCDA is to â€Å"promote the career development of all people over the life span† (NCDA, 2015). 3. What are your personal results after taking the Career Decision Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ)? Note: Once you are at the CDDQ launch page, you can†¦show more content†¦Specifically, he is interested in a job that â€Å"pays well.† Which of the following occupations would you recommend and why? After considering my client’s desires, as well as his skills, I would advise that he pursues a career in investment banking. My client has sales, management, and customer service skills from his pervious position as an automobile dealer, which will aid him selling securities and commodities as an investment banker. My client would also receive decent financial compensation as an investment banker. The median pay for investment banking in 2012 was 71,720 annually (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). However, my client would have to receive a Bachelors Degree for an entry-level position (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Although, all of the prospective career the client suggested requires pursuit of higher education. Lastly, a position as a â€Å"financial service sales agent is projected to grow 11 percent from 2012 to 2022†, creating a demand in employment (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Scenario 2: A client who is just starting college is interested in exploring career opportunities that will best ensure finding a job after graduation. Specifically, she has narrowed her choices to 1 of the following careers. What are the employment outlooks for each of these occupations? The client did not specify what specific field of counseling she is interested in.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Career Spectrum Scavenger Hunt1209 Words   |  5 PagesPhoenix Material Career Spectrum Scavenger Hunt Part 1 Find, and list, at least 10 different careers from various sectors in the health care industry. Describe the role of each career and explain what makes that profession different from the others. You can include, but are not limited to, factors such as education and experience requirements, services rendered or products offered, licensure, pay, involvement with other health care sectors, and type of work duties. Career | Description |Read MoreImplementing A Debt Education Program1310 Words   |  6 PagesCashCourse ® is that they offer scavenger hunts. Student life could promote the scavenger hunt and assist with the execution of the events. The goal is to help students become familiar with the program throughout each semester. Towards the last three months of each semester, we will have an event to test the student’s skills and knowledge they acquired through the activities. The Scavenger hunts consist of three online challenges. The student who can complete the scavenger hunt in the least amount of timeRead MoreHcs212r4 Career Spectrum Scavenger Hunt Wk4 7 1042 Words   |  5 PagesPhoenix Material Career Spectrum Scavenger Hunt Part 1 Find, and list, at least 10 different careers from various sectors in the health care industry. Describe the role of each career and explain what makes that profession different from the others. You can include, but are not limited to, factors such as education and experience requirements, services rendered or products offered, licensure, pay, involvement with other health care sectors, and type of work duties. Career Description DifferencesRead MoreScavengerhunt1082 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion in your own words (do not copy and paste). Provide the page number on which the information is found. Save the document as first name, last initial_scavengerhunt. Example: CrystalE_Scavengerhunt. If you have questions, please ask. Scavenger Hunt Questions University 1. Who is the accrediting body for ECPI? The Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools is the accrediting body for ECPI. 2. What does this mean for you as a student? The means thatRead MoreEssay on Scavenger Hunt1183 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion in your own words (do not copy and paste). Provide the page number on which the information is found. Save the document as first name, last initial_scavengerhunt. Example: CrystalE_Scavengerhunt. If you have questions, please ask. Scavenger Hunt Questions University 1. Who is the accrediting body for ECPI? ECPI University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC). Specifically, The Health Science/Medical AssistingRead Mored vbv gf Essays647 Words   |  3 Pagesstudents, and searching for careers. Instructions Complete the following Scavenger Hunt Matrix regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, list the steps used to locate each resource. In the second column, explain how each resource might contribute to your success. Scavenger Hunt Matrix Student resource List the specific steps you used to locate each resource. Explain how you can use each resource to support your academic, career, or personal successRead MoreMini Project1983 Words   |  8 PagesMini-Project Topic Scavenger Hunt of USC Campus and Neighborhood or of Downtown Los Angeles Complete either (A) a scavenger hunt of the USC campus and University Park neighborhood or (B) a scavenger hunt of downtown Los Angeles. At the end of completing your hunt, write a short essay (1 page) in which you explain the most interesting item you discovered by doing this scavenger hunt. Note: The scavenger hunt project should be typed Complete either (A) a scavenger hunt of downtown LosRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Favorite School1330 Words   |  6 Pagesschool memories was in Latin class. I have 7 years of Latin from elementary school. There was one day in the 4th grade that we got to take the whole day off and do a Latin scavenger hunt. All the clues were in Latin. Latin was my favorite subject so this day was one of my favorite days. It also helped that my team won the scavenger hunt. After school, I would go to my parent’s business and work on homework. I have many highlights from going to â€Å"Mom’s work† after school. One of my favorite memories wasRead MorePersonal Reflection930 Words   |  4 Pageswanted to explore. I learned that I wanted to be more adventurous and explore the world while finding more about myself. Something I learned that was a total shocker to me was when we did the scavenger hunt and I found out about all the resources that my school has to offer. For example the transfer and career center services is there to help me plan and provide me with all information needed in order to transfer to a four-year college. Another example is the student success center where their missionRead MorePersonal And Career Development Potential998 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstands the importance of applying the knowledge learned in the classroom to continued personal and career development potential. ~Takes ownership of the learning process by setting personal educational goals, and monitoring their own progress. At the beginning of every school week I open my assignments, make a to-do list on a note pad, and attach that to-do list with the assignments I print out. I print the assignments out so I can take the papers with me and make notes on them directly

Gold Rush Paper Essay Example For Students

Gold Rush Paper Essay One moment the California creek beds glimmered withgold; the next, the same creeks ran red with the blood ofmen and women defending their claims or ceding their bagsof gold dust to bandits. The West was a ruthless territoryduring the nineteenth century. With more than enough golddust to go around early in the Gold Rush, crime was rare,but as the stakes rose and the easily panned gold dwindled,robbery and murder became a part of life on the frontier. The West consisted of outlaws, gunfighters, lawmen,whores, and vigilantes. There are many stories on how theWest begun and what persuaded people to come andexplore the new frontier, but here, today, we are going toinvestigate those stories and seek to find what is fact orwhat is fiction. These stories will send you galloping throughthe tumultuous California territory of the mid-nineteenthcentury, where disputes were settled with six shooters andthe lines of justice were in a continuous chaos. Wheres the West How and where did the West begin? This is the questionthat is asked most often and there is never a straight-forward answer. Everyone has their own opinion on thesubject: Oh, it started sometime in the nineteenth century,or The west is really just considered to be Oklahoma,Texas, and Kansas. Whatever happened to Californiaactually being considered the West? With all honesty,even into the twentieth century, California is not thought ofas being the West, or the West in the manner i n whichOklahoma, Kansas and Texas are thought of. Cowboys,horses, and cattle are only considered to be in the centralstates, but what about California? To give a straight-forward answer on where and how the Real West oreven the Wild West began; it began by a millhouseworker named James Marshall. On the morning of January24, 1848, Marshall was working on his mill and lookeddown in the water and saw a sparkling dust floating alongthe creek bed (Erdoes 116). Assuming it was gold, he toldhis fellow workers what he had found and they begansearching for the mysterious metallic dust as well. Fourdays later Marshall rode down to Sutters Fort, in what isnow Sacramento, and showed John Sutter what he hadfound. They weighed and tested the metal and becameconvinced that it was indeed gold. John Sutter wanted tokeep the discovery secret, but that was going to beimpossible. The rumor flew and Sutters mill workers,which were Mormon, caught wind of it and begansearching for their own fortune. Short ly after they fled, theytoo found gold. The site in which they found their fortunesbecame known as Mormon Island, the first mining camp tobe established after the discovery of gold at Marshalls mill(Erdoes 119). From that moment on, the west began toboom in population and prosper in every direction. First BloodGold fever caught on in a hurry, and this attracted manydifferent people to the new frontier. Dreams of gold andsuccess sparkled in the eyes of every cotton picker, farmer,and blue- collar worker west of the Mississippi. Once thefever spread across the nation and throughout theterritories, bloodshed was going to be inevitable. Greedtakes a toll on the mind of many and convinces people todo things that arent even logical. People become veryprotective of their property and are willing to do anything toprotect it, even defend it to their death. The violence musthave started somewhere and at sometime oversomething. But when? On the night of October 1, 1848,eight months after James Marshalls discovery, several menwere sleeping in James Marshalls sawmill, originally ownedby John Sutter (Erdoes 137). Peter Raymond beganbanging on the door of the mill. Raymond, a twenty- oneyear old sailor from Dublin, Ireland, was drunk and irritatedfor not striking his fortune as fast as he planned. Raymondstaggered in demanding more liquor from the nowawakened men. John Von Pfister, arose and as aprecaution shoved his knife into his waistband. Von Pfistermanaged to quiet the drunken sailor down and set himdown on a bench to rest. Von Pfister leans over and saysRest now my friend and well be laughing about this in themorning (Brown 13). Raymond sticks one hand out for ashake and with his other he strips Von Pfister of his knifeand buries the blade into his heart. It is ironic that the firstmurder in the Gold Rush, the first of many that wouldfollow, took place at the .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .postImageUrl , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:hover , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:visited , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:active { border:0!important; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:active , .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfa845f0304ce6bce1ffe8028a325dca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination Essay

Solar Water Purifier free essay sample

BACKGROUND INFORMATION4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 Objectives4 Justifications and significance4 Limitations4 Precautions5 Advantages5 CHAPTER 26 Literature review6 CHAPTER 37 Methodology7 Apparatus7 Procedure7 Observations7 CHAPTER 49 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION9 CHAPTER 510 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION10 REFERENCES10 CHAPTER 1: ABSTRACT BACKGROUND INFORMATION Solar water purifier is a device that purifies water through solar energy. Dirty water is a key link in the cycle of water borne diseases that affects the worlds’ poorest day who would otherwise contribute more to the overall economic and social development. Improved solar water purifier directly impacts on achieving universal education and reducing the rate of mortality. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Water Purifier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain. The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards will typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants for the use that is to be made of the water. It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification. According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1. 1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply, 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and 1. million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94 percent of these diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water. [1] Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year. [2] Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The rate at which flooding occurs especially this season is rising at an alarming rate . Places such as Kano plains, Tana river , Budalangi are experiencing high levels of flooding. The water from floods may come across open sewerages, decaying organism and garbage which contaminate water sources. Such water is not healthy for human consumption. Approximately 1. 8 million people die due to diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera every year. Access to clean water is one of the global issues affecting the world and will continue to be so, as demand increases. Objectives 1 . Reduce intake and usage of dirty water domestically. 2. Reduce the number of medical cases brought about by intake of dirty water. 3. Introduction of a method of water purification which requires less human labour and its environment friendly. 4. To put an end to usage of chemicals in water purification which maybe a health hazard. Justifications and significance 1. It enables Kenyans to use clean water and minimize the medical cases brought about by dirty water. 2. It minimizes the rate at which people die due to water borne diseases. Limitations 1. It can’t work when the saturation deficit is low in the atmosphere. . It tends to be slow. 3. It is not portable. Precautions 1. It should be handled with care as it tends to be delicate. Advantages 1. It continues to work when sun rays are cut off because the black coating tends to lose heat at a lower intensity which can’t penetrate through the glass thus heat is retained. 2. Energy is readily available and renewable which is the sun. 3. The materials that are used to build it are locally available and at an affordable cost. 4. Its efficient and healthy as the water is purified at the end of the process. 5. Its environmental friendly as it doesn’t pollute the environment 6. It is ideal for the arid and semi –arid areas where there are high temperatures. CHAPTER 2 Literature review Sources of water Further information: Water supply 1. Groundwater: The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity and often it does not require additional treatment other than adding chlorine or chloramines as secondary disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i. e. , pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride, and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it acceptable for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Primary disinfection may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practised (a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought), the groundwater may require additional treatment depending on applicable state and federal regulations. 2. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which require adjustment. 3. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents. 4. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor. . Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain. 6. Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis. 7. Surface Water: Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not designated as groundwater are classified i n the USA for regulatory and water purification purposes as surface water. Treatment The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water. Pre-treatment 1. Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur. 2. Screening (see also screen filter) – The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps. 3. Storage – Water from rivers may also be stored in backside reservoirs for periods between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river. 4. Pre-chlorination – In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine below), this has largely been discontinued. Widely varied techniques are available to remove the fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water. H adjustment Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH values that range from 7. 5 to 8. 4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purificati on processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifiers can be an effective way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe fittings. Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes. Acid ( carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) may be added to alkaline waters in some circumstances to lower the pH. Alkaline water (above pH 7. 0) does not necessarily mean that lead or copper from the plumbing system will not be dissolved into the water. The ability of water to precipitate calcium carbonate to protect metal surfaces and reduce the likelihood of toxic metals being dissolved in water is a function of pH, mineral content, temperature, alkalinity and calcium concentration. Coagulation and flocculation One of the first steps in a conventional water purification process is the addition of chemicals to assist in the removal of particles suspended in water. Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and natural organic matter. Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and colour of water. The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (or alum) or iron (III) salts such as iron(III) chloride cause several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles. Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic coagulants. Also within seconds, metal hydroxide precipitates of the aluminum and iron (III) ions begin to form. These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes such as Brownian motion and through induced mixing which is sometimes referred to as flocculation. The term most often used for the amorphous metal hydroxides is â€Å"floc. † Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of sedimentation and filtration. Aluminum hydroxides are formed within a fairly narrow range, typically: 5. 5 to about 7. 7. Iron (III) hydroxides can form over a larger pH range including pH levels lower than are effective for alum, typically: 5. 0 to 8. 5. In the literature, there is much debate and confusion over the usage of the terms coagulation and flocculation—where does coagulation end and flocculation begin? In water purification plants, there is usually a high energy, rapid mix unit process (detention time in seconds) where the coagulant chemicals are added followed by flocculation basins (detention times range from 15 to 45 minutes) where low energy inputs turn large paddles or other gentle mixing devices to enhance the formation of floc. In fact, coagulation and flocculation processes are ongoing once the metal salt coagulants are added. [10]:74-5 Organic polymers were developed in the 1960s as aids to coagulants and, in some cases, as replacements for the inorganic metal salt coagulants. Synthetic organic polymers are high molecular weight compounds that carry negative, positive or neutral charges. When organic polymers are added to water with particulates, the high molecular weight compounds adsorb onto particle surfaces and through antiparticle bridging coalesce with other particles to form floc. PolyDADMAC is a popular cationic (positively charged) organic polymer used in water purification plants. [9]:667-8 Sedimentation Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of water—that furthest from the sludge—exits. In 1904, Allen Hazen showed that the efficiency of a sedimentation process was a function of the particle settling velocity, the flow through the tank and the surface area of tank. Sedimentation tanks are typically designed within a range of overflow rates of 0. 5 to 1. 0 gallons per minute per square foot (or 1. 25 to 2. 5 meters per hour). In general, sedimentation basin efficiency is not a function of detention time or depth of the basin. Although, basin depth must be sufficient so that water currents do not disturb the sludge and settled particle interactions are promoted. As particle concentrations in the settled water increase near the sludge surface on the bottom of the tank, settling velocities can increase due to collisions and agglomeration of particles. Typical detention times for sedimentation vary from 1. 5 to 4 hours and basin depths vary from 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4. 5 meters). [8]:9. 39-9. 40[9]:790-1[10]:140-2, 171 Inclined flat plates or tubes can be added to traditional sedimentation basins to improve particle removal performance. Inclined plates and tubes drastically increase the surface area available for particles to be removed in concert with Hazen’s original theory. The amount of ground surface area occupied by a sedimentation basin with inclined plates or tubes can be far smaller than a conventional sedimentation basin. Sludge storage and removal As particles settle to the bottom of a sedimentation basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of sludge must be removed and treated. The amount of sludge that is generated is significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water that is treated. The cost of treating and disposing of the sludge can be a significant part of the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The sedimentation tank may be equipped with mechanical cleaning devices that continually clean the bottom of the tank or the tank can be periodically taken out of service and cleaned manually. Floc blanket clarifiers A subcategory of sedimentation is the removal of particulates by entrapment in a layer of suspended floc as the water is forced upward. The major advantage of floc blanket clarifiers is that they occupy a smaller footprint than conventional sedimentation. Disadvantages are that particle removal efficiency can be highly variable depending on changes in influent water quality and influent water flow rate. [9]:835-6 Dissolved air flotation When particles to be removed do not settle out of solution easily, dissolved air flotation (DAF) is often used. Water supplies that are particularly vulnerable to unicellular algae blooms and supplies with low turbidity and high colour often employ DAF. After coagulation and flocculation processes, water flows to DAF tanks where air diffusers on the tank bottom create fine bubbles that attach to floc resulting in a floating mass of concentrated floc. The floating floc blanket is removed from the surface and clarified water is withdrawn from the bottom of the DAF tank. [8]:9. 46 Filtration After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc. Rapid sand filters Cutaway view of a typical rapid sand filter The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog. [11] To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called backflushing or backwashing) to remove embedded particles. Prior to this step, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. This contaminated water can be disposed of, along with the sludge from the sedimentation basin, or it can be recycled by mixing with the raw water entering the plant although this is often considered poor practice since it re-introduces an elevated concentration of bacteria into the raw water Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters, differing in that the filter medium is enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure. Advantages: †¢Filters out much smaller particles than paper and sand filters can. †¢Filters out virtually all particles larger than their specified pore sizes. †¢They are quite thin and so liquids flow through them fairly rapidly. †¢They are reasonably strong and so can withstand pressure differences across them of typically 2–5 atmospheres. †¢They can be cleaned (back flushed) and reused. Slow sand filters Slow artificial filtration (a variation of bank filtration) to the ground, Water purification plant Karany, Czech Republic Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water must be passed very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment processes for their action rather than physical filtration. The filters are carefully constructed using graded layers of sand, with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom and finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection. Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or Schmutzdecke, on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months if the pre-treatment is well designed and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution systems with very low disinfectant levels, thereby reducing consumer irritation over offensive levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products. Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by having the top layer of sand scraped off when flow is eventually obstructed by biological growth. [citation needed] A specific large-scale form of slow sand filter is the process of bank filtration, in which natural sediments in a riverbank are used to provide a first stage of contaminant filtration. While typically not clean enough to be used directly for drinking water, the water gained from the associated extraction wells is much less problematic than river water taken directly from the major streams where bank filtration is often used. Membrane filtration Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0. 2 um—including giardia and cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. They are widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water). However no filtration can remove substances that re actually dissolved in the water such as phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions. Removal of ions and other dissolved substances Ultrafiltration membranes use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores that can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants. The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive t he water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out. Ion exchange:[12] Ion exchange systems use ion exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na+ or K+ ions. Ion exchange resins are also used to remove toxic ions such as nitrate, nitrite, lead, mercury, arsenic and many others. Precipitative softening:[8]:13. 12-13. 58 Water rich in hardness (calcium and magnesium ions) is treated with lime (calcium oxide) and/or soda-ash (sodium carbonate) to precipitate calcium carbonate out of solution utilizing the common-ion effect. Electrodeionization:[12] Water is passed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Ion exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionized water is produced with a little worse degree of purification in comparison with ion exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions from water is regarded as electrodialysis. The water is often pre-treated with a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants. Disinfection Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Salmonella, Cholera, Campylobacter and Shigella, and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidia. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage – often called a contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete. Chlorine disinfection Main article: Water chlorination The most common disinfection method involves some form of chlorine or its compounds such as chloramine or chlorine dioxide. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful micro-organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively inexpensive solution that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Chlorine solutions can be generated on site by electrolyzing common salt solutions. A solid form, calcium hypochlorite, releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the solid, however, requires greater routine human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach which are more easily automated. The generation of liquid sodium hypochlorite is both inexpensive and safer than the use of gas or solid chlorine. All forms of chlorine are widely used, despite their respective drawbacks. One drawback is that chlorine from any source reacts with natural organic compounds in the water to form potentially harmful chemical by-products. These by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), are both carcinogenic in large quantities and are regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Drinking Water Inspectorate in the UK. The formation of THMs and haloacetic acids may be minimized by effective removal of as many organics from the water as possible prior to chlorine addition. Although chlorine is effective in killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against protozoa that form cysts in water (Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, both of which are pathogenic). Chlorine dioxide disinfection Chlorine dioxide is a faster-acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine, however it is relatively rarely used, because in some circumstances it may create excessive amounts of chlorite, which is a by-product regulated to low allowable levels in the United States. Chlorine dioxide is supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to avoid gas handling problems; chlorine dioxide gas accumulations may spontaneously detonate. Chloramine disinfection The use of chloramine is becoming more common as a disinfectant. Although chloramine is not as strong an oxidant, it does provide a longer-lasting residual than free chlorine and it wont form THMs or haloacetic acids. It is possible to convert chlorine to chloramine by adding ammonia to the water after addition of chlorine. The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramine. Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification, as ammonia is a nutrient for bacterial growth, with nitrates being generated as a by-product. Ozone disinfection Ozone is an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe. It is an effective method to inactivate harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also works well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light or a cold electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on-site and added to the water by bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone include the production of fewer dangerous by-products and the absence of taste and odour problems (in comparison to chlorination) . Although fewer by-products are formed by ozonation, it has been discovered that ozone reacts with bromide ions in water to produces concentrations of the suspected carcinogen bromate. Bromide can be found in fresh water supplies in sufficient concentrations to produce (after ozonation) more than 10 ppb of bromate — the maximum contaminant level established by the USEPA. [13] Another advantage of ozone is that it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water. Ozone has been used in drinking water plants since 1906 where the first industrial ozonation plant was built in Nice, France. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted ozone as being safe; and it is applied as an anti-microbiological agent for the treatment, storage, and processing of foods. Ultraviolet disinfection Ultraviolet light (UV) is very effective at inactivating cysts, in low turbidity water. UV lights disinfection effectiveness decreases as turbidity increases, a result of the absorption, scattering, and shadowing caused by the suspended solids. The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water; therefore, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after the primary disinfection process. This is often done through the addition of chloramines, discussed above as a primary disinfectant. When used in this manner, chloramines provide an effective residual disinfectant with very few of the negative aspects of chlorination. Various portable methods of disinfection Main article: Portable water purification Available for disinfection in emergencies or in remote locations. Disinfection is the primary goal, since aesthetic considerations such as taste, odor, appearance, and trace chemical contamination do not affect the short-term safety of drinking water. Solar water disinfection One low-cost method of disinfecting water that can often be implemented with locally available materials is solar disinfection (SODIS). [14][15][16][17] [18] Unlike methods that rely on firewood, it has low impact on the environment. One recent study has found that the wild Salmonella which would reproduce quickly during subsequent dark storage of solar-disinfected water could be controlled by the addition of just 10 parts per million of hydrogen peroxide. [19] Additional treatment options 1. Water fluoridation: in many areas fluoride is added to water with the goal of preventing tooth decay. Fluoride is usually added after the disinfection process. In the U. S. , fluoridation is usually accomplished by the addition of hexafluorosilicic acid, which decomposes in water, yielding fluoride ions. 2. Water conditioning: This is a method of reducing the effects of hard water. In water systems subject to heating hardness salts can be deposited as the decomposition of bicarbonate ions creates carbonate ions that precipitate out of solution. Water with high concentrations of hardness salts can be treated with soda ash (sodium carbonate) which precipitates out the excess salts, through the common-ion effect, producing calcium carbonate of very high purity. The precipitated calcium carbonate is traditionally sold to the manufacturers of toothpaste. Several other methods of industrial and residential water treatment are claimed (without general scientific cceptance) to include the use of magnetic and/or electrical fields reducing the effects of hard water. ] 3. Plumbosolvency reduction: In areas with naturally acidic waters of low conductivity (i. e. surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks), the water may be capable of dissolving lead from any lead pipes that it is carried in. The addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH slightly both assist in greatly reducing plumbo-solvency by creating insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes. 4. Radium Removal: Some groundwater sources contain radium, a radioactive chemical element. Typical sources include many groundwater sources north of the Illinois River in Illinois. Radium can be removed by ion exchange, or by water conditioning. The back flush or sludge that is produced is, however, a low-level radioactive waste. 5. Fluoride Removal: Although fluoride is added to water in many areas, some areas of the world have excessive levels of natural fluoride in the source water. Excessive levels can be toxic or cause undesirable cosmetic effects such as staining of teeth. Methods of reducing fluoride levels is through treatment with activated alumina and bone char filter media. Other water purification techniques Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private supplies are listed below. In some countries some of these methods are also used for large scale municipal supplies. Particularly important are distillation (de-salination of seawater) and reverse osmosis. 1. Boiling: Water is heated hot enough and long enough to inactivate or kill micro-organisms that normally live in water at room temperature. Near sea level, a vigorous rolling boil for at least one minute is sufficient. At high altitudes (greater than two kilometres or 5000 feet) three minutes is recommended. 23] In areas where the water is hard (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the fur that builds up on kettle elements, etc. , in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water a nd in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that is boiled and then stored for any length of time may acquire new pathogens. . Granular Activated Carbon filtering: a form of activated carbon with a high surface area, adsorbs many compounds including many toxic compounds. Water passing through activated carbon is commonly used in municipal regions with organic contamination, taste or odors. Many household water filters and fish tanks use activated carbon filters to further purify the water. Household filters for drinking water sometimes contain silver as metallic silver nanoparticle. If water is held in the carbon block for longer period, microorganisms can grow inside which results in fouling and contamination. Silver nanoparticles are excellent anti-bacterial material and they can decompose toxic halo-organic compounds such as pesticides into non-toxic organic products. [24] 3. Distillation involves boiling the water to produce water vapour. The vapour contacts a cool surface where it condenses as a liquid. Because the solutes are not normally vaporised, they remain in the boiling solution. Even distillation does not completely purify water, because of contaminants with similar boiling points and droplets of unvapourised liquid carried with the steam. However, 99. 9% pure water can be obtained by distillation. 4. Reverse osmosis: Mechanical pressure is applied to an impure solution to force pure water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create. Unless membranes are well-maintained, algae and other life forms can colonize the membranes. 5. The use of iron in removing arsenic from water. See Arsenic contamination of groundwater. 6. Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD). Applicable to desalination. Heated seawater is passed along the surface of a hydrophobic polymer membrane. Evaporated water passes from the hot side through pores in the membrane into a stream of cold pure water on the other side. The difference in vapour pressure between the hot and cold side helps to push water molecules through. 7. Desalination is a process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. 8. Gas hydrate crystals centrifuge method. If carbon dioxide or other low molecular weight gas is mixed with contaminated water at high pressure and low temperature, gas hydrate crystals will form exothermically. Separation of the crystalline hydrate may be performed by centrifuge or sedimentation and decanting. Water can be released from the hydrate crystals by heating[25] 9. In Situ Chemical Oxidation, a form of advanced oxidation processes and advanced oxidation technology is an environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong chemical oxidizers directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation 10. Water Purification with Moringa Seeds Crushed Moringa seeds clarify and purify water to suit domestic use and lower the bacterial concentration in the water making it safe for drinking. Moringa seed powder can be used as a quick and simple method for cleaning dirty river water. Studies showed that this simple method of filtering not only diminishes water pollution, but also harmful bacteria. The moringa powder joins with the solids in the water and sinks to the bottom. This treatment also removes 90-99% of bacteria contained in water. [26] Demineralized water Distillation removes all minerals from water, and the membrane methods of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration remove most to all minerals. This results in demineralized water which is not considered ideal drinking water. The World Health Organization has investigated the health effects of demineralized water since 1980. [29] Experiments in humans found that demineralized water increased diuresis and the elimination of electrolytes, with decreased blood serum potassium concentration. Magnesium, calcium, and other minerals in water can help to protect against nutritional deficiency. Demineralized water may also increase the risk from toxic metals because it more readily leaches materials from piping like lead and cadmium, which is prevented by dissolved minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Low-mineral water has been implicated in specific cases of lead poisoning in infants, when lead from pipes leached at especially high rates into the water. Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30 mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2 to 4 mmol/L. At water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones, kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and arthropathies have been observed. [30] Additionally, desalination processes can increase the risk of bacterial contamination. [30] Manufacturers of home water distillers claim the opposite—that minerals in water are the cause of many diseases, and that most beneficial minerals come from food, not water. [31][32] They quote the American Medical Association as saying The bodys need for minerals is largely met through foods, not drinking water. The WHO report agrees that drinking water, with some rare exceptions, is not the major source of essential elements for humans and is not the major source of our calcium and magnesium intake, yet states that demineralized water is harmful anyway. Additional evidence comes from animal experiments and clinical observations in several countries. Animals given zinc or magnesium dosed in their drinking water had a significantly higher concentration of these elements in the serum than animals given the same elements in much higher amounts with food and provided with low-mineral water to drink. The solar water purifier ‘the best invention of the year’ enables users to drink water safely from contaminated water sources. It’s ideal for home owners during emergencies such as local flooding which can contaminate drinking water supplies. It is also ideal for campers and hikers who may be drinking from rivers or lakes; it is also ideal for travelers who don’t want to rely on the quality of local water. CHAPTER 3: Methodology Apparatus -Glass window. -Containers (3). -Charcoal. -Stands. Procedure Take a container A, pour dirty water and hang two pieces of cloth at its side ith their bases in contact with the water. The container should be raised 1metre above the ground. From the container A, a pipe should be leading to another container B containing charcoal. The whole part containing the tray with charcoal should have a black coating and be covered by a glass window . Lastly place container B at the end to collect the pure water. Observations The resulting water is clear. Water droplets were observed on the glass window. DATA It has been noticed there’s a high percentage of death due to dirty water . As stated earlier on, dirty water is a key link in the cycle of water borne diseases. 97 % of water in this world is salty sea water, 0. 07% retained water and 2. 23% is usable fresh water. The small percentage of water left is contaminated daily. The 97% of withheld water can be purified through the solar water purifier to solve strategies on lack of access of clean water. Approximately 1. 8 million people die due dirty water intake CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 41% of 39. 8 million Kenyans do not have access to clean water. In 2008, only 59% of all Kenyans had access to safe water. 1 The 2006 drought in Kenya was declared a national disaster, as 3. 5 million people faced starvation and food shortages. 5 Droughts continue to plague the region. Beyond the threat of drought-induced food scarcity, 10% of deaths in Kenya occur from water-borne or sanitation-related diseases. 6 DATA SHOWING KEY STATISTICS IN THE WATER SECTOR IN KENYA PERCENTAGEDESCRIPTION 41%The number of people who do not have access to clean water 59%Have access to clean water 0%The percentage of land in Kenya that is arid and semi- arid 10%Percentage of deaths in Kenya caused by water and sanitation-related diseases SOURCES Ministry of water and sanitation http://www. quietway. org/water-for-kenya/ CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION As stated earlier, the solar water purifier is healthy and efficient as the end product is pure. The materials used to construct it are locally available and it requires less human labour to construct it. Besides it is environment friendly as it does not pollute the environment in any way. It is also advisable to use it in purification of tap water as it may contain lead due to metallic pipes. We would like to recommend that the solar water purifier should be used in places such as slums, arid areas, flooding areas, by campers and tourists who do not rely on local water. This will reduce the rate of medical cases linked with water borne diseases, not to forget the rising death rates. We recommend that the government should distribute the solar water purifier to the less privileged as that will aid them. REFERENCES F. A. ABOTT , ADVANCE LEVEL PHYSICS 1999, LONDON www. wikipedia. com www. deka. org/water purification

Writing a Good Biology Research Paper

Writing a Good Biology Research Paper Biology research papers can be very challenging for many students. Biology is such a broad field and the range of topics for research papers is vast. Biology research papers are not the hardest scientific papers to write but they do take time. There are many sources available for your biology research papers. Actual sources are needed because you cannot use your thoughts or feelings in your biology research paper. You need to answer a scientific question or hypothesis supported by material found from texts, experiments, and journals. Essentially a biology research paper would be based on some form of plant or animal life. A more basic biology research paper would discuss some basic concepts found in science. Questions can be answered on mitosis, meiosis, explain experiments you conducted in class, investigate the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, investigate cell division, describe single cell life forms and how they evolved into multiple cell life forms, discuss Darwin and the evolution theory. There are many topics. It is a matter of finding one that interests you. Supporting material can come from books, textbooks, scientific journals, class notes, experiments conducted even some online sources. Illustrations and graphics can also help to present information that is difficult to explain in words. Many people respond better to pictures as means of illustration. Graphs and graphics can help cement a point to your audience. Assigned to write a research paper? Here is a great  guide to the research paper writing: How to Write a Research Paper It is important that you understand the assignment given before you choose your biology research paper topic. There are often specific guidelines and questions that must be answered completely independent of the chosen topic. Plan your biology research paper, make sure the structure is correct and that you have access to the appropriate amount of supporting material. The most important rule, try not to procrastinate! A biology research paper that is written at the last minute does not have the content or supporting materials to be rewarded with a good mark. Biology research papers take some time so don’t leave it to the last minute. Contact our support team if you have questions or need assistance in writing your research paper in biology or place an order.

Nitroglycerin [NTG] Cardiovascular drug Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nitroglycerin [NTG] Cardiovascular drug - Essay Example Even more surprising is that Nitroglyercin is used as a heart medication, one of the most delicate and important organs inside our bodies. It is mind blowing that something so combustible and so explosive could be used to help treat heart conditions. Nitroglyercin can be found in many forms, varying from tablets, to sprays, to even patches. It works by allotting more blood and oxygen flow to the heart, and by widening blood vessels directly into the heart. However, after long term exposure to the drug, it can become addictive. Withdrawal symptoms can occur, such as headaches, recurring heart problems, or even death (Nitro). Exposure to the drug relieves these symptoms, which is why people working with the drug at work may feel withdrawal symptoms over the weekend only to find them relieved back at work on Monday. Another one of Nitroglyercin;s talents is that the patches th have been found to be a cure for bite of the brown recluse spider, a venomous, and possibly deadly bite. This is just another positive effect of the drug. When it is used in medicine, nitroglyercin is called something else. It is called Glyceryl trinitrate, mainly to avoid people thinking they are taking explosives into their body. It is used as heart medication, and can be in many different forms. It can come in tablets, ointments, patches, or even sprays (Nitro). A somewhat new medical procedure includes using small amounts of the compound in the tip of condoms, to help provoke. Ejaculation (Nitro). Taking nitroglyercin has many different effects on the body. It can reduce chest pain, decrease blood pressure, as well as increasing the heart rate of the patient. This happens because the nitroglyercin is converted into nitric oxide once inside the body, however, the process by which the body does this is not completely understood by scientists (Nitro). Then, the drug relaxes the blood vessels to the

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis - Essay Example Despite the difficulties the maids face at the hands of their racist employers, they are so remorseful and take good care of their employers’ children. In fact, the maids are portrayed as so loving to the employers’ children despite the harsh treatments they get from their bosses. Despite being looked down upon by their employers, the maids transform the life of a young white woman by empowering her to write a novel about them. Several themes emerge from the movie some of which include love, racial intolerance, class, and gender. Although the film is based on the Jim Crow era when America was deeply divided along racial line, love features prominently in the film. For instance, although the maids live with abusive employers, they show a lot of love to the children that they take care of. In real life, I have experienced what love can do in the midst of hatred and discrimination. In certain parts of Florida, I have noticed that people’s attitudes toward people of color, Blacks especially, are quite negative. It is not uncommon for one to hear a white expressing his/her dislike for blacks in subtle ways. While some people of color may opt to counter such attitudes and sentiments with negative words, others have taken to ignoring the negative attitudes, instead of countering them with love. From experience, I have realized that the persistent sharing of love with potential adversaries has a huge positive impact. Those who hate their others gradually change their negative attitudes when they are proven to be wrong through acts of love. The film is based mainly on the racism that was being practiced in America in the 1950s. In this regard, the movie tells of how the black maids are abused by their white employers who appears not to appreciate what they do.  

Parents vs. the Media Essay Example for Free

Parents vs. the Media Essay Due to childrens fascinations with violence, recent massacres at schools have been linked to media influence. Often troubled children use the news to gain attention. Many of the children committing these crimes are children that are being teased in school. Most of the children involved in school shootings have never had a past criminal record. Psychologists believe that these troubled children are using the media merely because no one else will listen to their problems. The reoccurrence of copycat crimes is on the rise, and it seems at times we overestimate how much violence is really occurring. The constant struggle between the media and those who feel it is saturated with violence continues on. However, it is difficult to determine whether there is a strong correlation between the two. Parents are uniting around the country to form groups against violence in the media. They believe that the violence in entertainment and the media is to blame for the copycat syndrome. Psychologists believe that children are vulnerable to feelings of psychological injury. Therefore, when children are being tormented they feel a sense of rage and worthlessness. This feeling causes them to look upon society as an enemy. For instance, The Trenchcoat Mafia was a group of teenagers that formed a violent gang, and turned against killed their classmates after seeing the movie Basketball Diaries. They felt isolated from the rest of the school, and believed the only way to gain popularity was through displaying acts of violence. This type of behavior has drastically increased and is seen all over the media. Parents blame the media for over-exposure of school violence. The parents see the media lacking in follow-up stories. These stories should show how it affected the lives of the killers, the victims and their families. Furthermore, the follow-up stories can present a better understanding of the consequences. Rather, the news seems to be showing their viewers almost how to carry out such crimes. On the other hand, the media is simply providing the public with current events. The media reports both positive and negative events. The news provides coverage on the issues that are most appealing to the public. For example, the first school shooting at Columbine began a major controversy. The public became extremely concerned, and safety in schools became a hot topic. The media simply reports on these events, they are not to be held responsible for violent occurrences. Their responsibility is to give coverage on events that affect our society as a whole. Parents should not view the media negatively, but see it as a source of information. Such information can give parents reasons for teaching their children morals. Children that come from broken homes may have been exposed to violence, and use this as a solution to their problems. Parents of these children should provide special psychiatric help to prevent them from becoming violent. If teachers are aware a students extreme misconduct, they should inform the childs parents as well as the schools counselors. Therefore, the school can solve the problem before it gets out of hand. Different approaches have been used to prevent these shootings from reoccurring. The most obvious solution has been increasing the security in schools, such as metal detectors and surveillance cameras. Some schools are simply educating their students about respecting each other, and have seen an improvement in the conduct of the students. When these issues improve, a healthier school will prevail.

Religion Vs Astronomy :: essays research papers

Religion and science have always been in direct competition with one another. The ultimate goal of science is to prove the inexistence of God with facts, while the existence in God is simply based on belief and faith. While 95% of the people living on Earth believe in a superior being of some sort, some might say that religion clouds the minds of otherwise logical individuals and makes it impossible for them to pursue the truth of the Universe. Thus, the debate on which view is the right one continues on, while somewhere in the middle stand religious followers who are also scientists. Many people claim that the belief in religion comes simply from the "need of something to believe in". However, it is difficult to argue against the fact that religion does not include its followers in something greater, then just a "need". It allows for an identification with a greater body of religious believers and for the inclusion in the love of a God. The only thing religion asks for in return is faith in its teachings which is made up of their morals and the existence of the God which they cherish and worship. In the movie "Contact", Ellie Arroway represents many scientists in the world. She is torn between religion and science, however she is unable to rely on the assumed truths of the teachings of religions. Science is the search for truth, it allows her to discover the truth for herself. As Palmer Joss later mentions in the movie, the purity of science is not involved in the furthering of technology. Technology is not the God that science seeks, for it seeks to create no God, science does not believe in any sort of God. As religion accepts the truths written in its texts and taught in its teachings, science continues, through research, to search for "the truth of the Universe".

The Picture of Dorian Gray Vocabulary List

The Picture of Dorian Gray Vocabulary List 1 (Q2) Precis (noun): Make summary of. â€Å"I know she goes in for giving a rapid precis of all her guests. † (Pg. 14) Ravelled (verb): To tangle or entangle. â€Å"†How horribly unjust of you! † cried Lord Henry, tilting his hat back and looking up at the little clouds that, like ravelled skeins of glossy white silk, were drifting across the hollowed turquoise of the summer sky. † (Pg. 15) Candour (noun): The state or quality of being frank, open, and sincere in speech or expression; candidness. All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth's passionate purity. † (Pg. 26) Sovereignty (noun): Rightful status, independence, or prerogative. â€Å"It has its divine right of sovereignty. † (Pg. 35) Hedonism (noun): Doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the highest good. â€Å"A new Hedonism–that is what our century wants. † (Pg. 36) Staccato (adjective): Shortened or detached when played or sung. â€Å"Suddenly the painter appeared at the door of the studio and made staccato signs for them to come in. † (Pg. 37) Caprice (noun): Sudden, unpredictable change, as of one's mind or the weather. The only difference between a caprice and a lifelong passion is that the caprice lasts a little longer. † (Pg. 38) Vermillion (noun): A bright red, to reddish-orange color. â€Å"†It is quite finished,† he cried at last, and stooping down he wrote his name in long vermilion letters on the left-hand corner of the canvas. † (Pg. 38) Panegyric (noun): Formal or elaborate praise. â€Å"Then had come Lord Henry Wotton with his strange panegyric on youth, his terrible warning of its brevity. † (Pg. 40) Wizen (verb): To wither; shrivel up; dry up. Yes, there would be a day when his face would be wrinkled and wizen, his eyes dim and colourless, the grace of his figure broken and deformed. † (Pg. 40) Divan (noun): A sofa or couch, with n o arms or back, often usable as a bed. â€Å"The hot tears welled into his eyes; he tore his hand away and, flinging himself on the divan, he buried his face in the cushions, as though he was praying. † (Pg. 42) Hansom (noun): A low-hung, two-wheeled, covered vehicle drawn by one horse, for two passengers, with the driver being mounted on an elevated seat behind and the reins running over the roof. â€Å"Come, Mr.Gray, my hansom is outside, and I can drop you at your own place. Good-bye, Basil. It has been a most interesting afternoon. † -Lord Henry (Pg. 48) Indolence (adjective): Disliking work or effort; lazy; idle. â€Å"His father had been our ambassador at Madrid when Isabella was young and Prim unthought of, but had retired from the diplomatic service in a capricious moment of annoyance on not being offered the Embassy at Paris, a post to which he considered that he was fully entitled by reason of his birth, his indolence, the good English of his dispatches, and his inordinate passion for pleasure. (Pg. 49) Collieries (noun): A coal mine, including all buildings and equipment. â€Å"He paid some attention to the management of his collieries in the Midland counties, excusing himself for this taint of industry on the ground that the one advantage of having coal was that it enabled a gentleman to afford the decency of burning wood on his own hearth. † (Pg. 49) Cheroot (noun): A cigar having open ends. â€Å"When Lord Henry entered the room, he found his uncle sitting in a rough shooting-coat, smoking a cheroot and grumbling over The Times. (Pg. 49) Facile (adjective): Moving, acting, working, proceeding, etc. , with ease, sometimes with superficiality. â€Å"He invented a facile excuse, and having taken the vacant seat next to her, looked round to see who was there. † (Pg. 57) Liveried (adjective): Clad in livery as servants. â€Å"At last, liveried in the costume of the age, reality entered the room in the shape of a servant to tell the duchess that her carriage was waiting. † (Pg. 65) Expound (verb): To explain; interpret. Some day, when you are tired of London, come down to Treadley and expound to me your philosophy of pleasure over some admirable Burgundy I am fortunate enough to possess. † (Pg. 67) Cosmopolitan (noun): A person who is free from local, provincial, or national bias or attachment; citizen of the world. â€Å"Makes it quite cosmopolitan, doesn't it? You have never been to any of my parties, have you, Mr. Gray? † (Pg. 71) Brocade (noun): Fabric woven with an elaborate design, esp. one having a raised overall pattern. â€Å"I went to look after a piece of old brocade in Wardour Street and had to bargain for hours for it. † (Pg. 72)

Who Were Some of the Best Women Olympic Skaters

In the 1990s, a national survey named figure skating as Americans second most popular sport. 1st place went to football. Womens skating events are among the most popular attractions for viewers of each Winter Olympics. Adults admire the combination of grace and athleticism while Children — especially young girls — dream of a future as figure skating stars. Flashy costumes and dance moves combine with rigorous feats of strength in the figure skating events. The pairs skating and ice dancing events show women and men in partnership on the ice. Increasingly, women speed skaters captivate audiences as well. The three standards by which early Olympic officials judged whether an event was appropriate for ladies were beauty, form, and appearance. But early in Olympic figure skating history, before Sonja Henie introduced ballet-like moves, and more recently, athleticism in womens figure skating also had strong appeal. Since 1960, womens speed skating, emphasizing speed, stamina, and strength, has been included in the Olympics. While not as popular as the figure skating events, the popularity of womens speed skating has been growing. Is the popularity of womens figure skating a sign that gender stereotypes are alive and well — that women athletes are still more acceptable if they adhere strongly to traditional feminine stereotypes? Or does it just mean that many people are interested in sports that arent about speed, strength, and a little physical violence? Womens world championship figure skating dates back to 1902 when Madge Syers of Great Britain entered the London World Championship and finished second — just behind Swedish male skater, Ulrich Salchow. But the officials, who had not anticipated women entering the event, then barred women from the world championships. In 1905, a separate womens figure skating event was initiated, and Syers won the first two annual championships in that competition. Women Olympic Figure Skaters Some women Olympic figure skaters you should know: Sonja Henie: Norways Pavlova on ice brought ballet moves to the athletic routines. She went to Hollywood and toured in an ice revue, setting a standard many later figure skating champions followed.Barbara Ann Scott: She was nicknamed Canadas sweetheart.Tenley Albright: She was the first American woman to win the Olympic gold for figure skating.Peggy Fleming: She was a media darling and an early superstar.Dorothy Hamill: Her hairstyle and her personality won hearts worldwide while she won the Olympic gold.Debi Thomas: She lost the gold but became the first African American medalist at the Winter Olympics. After a short pro tour, Thomas went to medical school to become an orthopedic surgeon.Katarina Witt: She was an East German skater who dominated the sport and was famous as a touring professional.Nancy Kerrigan, Tonya Harding, and Oksana Baiul: Tonya Hardings husband and associates deliberately injured Nancy Kerrigan, her skating rival. Kerrigan was allowed a berth on the Olympic tea m though she had to miss the trials, Ukrainian Baiul skated to the Olympic gold past both of them.Tara Lipinski and Michelle Kwan: They were both excellent figure skaters. They were competitors in 1998 when Lipinski upset Kwan to become the youngest medalist in the event.More women figure skaters you should know about include Kristi Yamaguchi, Nicole Bobek, and Carol Heiss. Pairs Skating In pairs skating, male and female partners coordinate their figure skating, sometimes mirroring each other, sometimes complementing each other. Some women pairs skaters you should know: Irina RodninaEkaterina GordeevaTai Babilionia Ice Dancing In 1976, ice dancing was added as an Olympic sport, with more emphasis on dance and artistry and less emphasis on specific figures than figure skating. Some women ice dancers you should know include: Jayne TorvillIrina Romanova Speed Skating Speed skating for men was added to the Winter Olympics in 1924, and womens speed skating Winter Olympics competition dates back to 1960. Some women speed skating champions you should know include: Bonnie BlairCarol Heiss Jenkins