Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry

verdant mood interlingual rendition Pakistan Wheat IndustryAgricultural Climate Adaptation course of studyA Case discipline of Pakistan pale yellow effortLubna Naz1.0 initiation1.1 Global warming as a entrust of humour tack is projecting high ge atomic number 18r temperature and unpredicted rain water supply pattern coupled with fundamental events same(p) flash floods and force. This never seen before phenomena would be a little terror to mankind in completely sphere of life if no allot actions are taken. As elaborated in the Fourth Assessment radical (AR4) of IPCC (2007), the average temperature of the globe has move upn to 0.6C between the year 1901 to 2000 and bequeath intercommunicate to extend to a greater extent by 1.8-3.4 C by the residue of this century.1.2 Agriculture among the various sphere of the economy of Pakistan is considered to be the most imperfect sphere of influence to the unexpected changes in the climate that non only run the amount of its employment and spirit but alike put atmospheric pressure on the availability of natural resources acquireed for the development of farming sector. Concurrently, wheat being an important agricultural industry for the economy of Pakistan is not spared from the ca economic consumption of climate change. As a matter of concern, it is fundamental for all associates of the industry together with policy and decision makers to work out an interlingual rendition scheme on how to overcome the blackball trespass of climate change and exsert to remain a competitive sector. Successful and effective adaption measures exit need both strategic and tactical approach that base on best practices to cope with the unfortunate effect of climate change. Furthermore, an efficient cover song and monitoring will in addition be needed in do to behave better military rank of the adapted practices that whether they are effective in controlling and minimizing the unfortunate wallop o f climate change.1.3 The rise in temperature, unpredicted rain coupled with the affix intensity of uttermost(a) events such as drouth and stress all have significant conflict on the wheat industry in Pakistan. High Rainfall results in flood, loose-fitting condition and hail rail at that negatively affect the wheat production. As a core, infestation of insect, pest and di seases outbreaks and result in severe reproach and in some cases even complete lick hurt. Similarly, increase in temperature also negatively affects the grant of the wheat and cause major economic loss in Pakistan. As inform by Rasul et al. (2011) the rise in temperature greatly depressd the wheat yield in Pakistan berthicularly at sowing time and grain filling period. Furthermore, Rawson and Macpherson (2000) also reported that wheat lop destroyed faster in waterlogged conditions and as a consequence seedlings of wheat die within two days and thus resulted in low yield. Apart from the low yield oth er identified impact of climate change on wheat industry is moderate in GDP, decrease in foreign exchange, effect policy making, penalties by emptor for unable to supply the required amount of wheat grains, difficulty in transportation, outspread of insect and pest, affect the livelihood of the farmers and as consequence disquiet the economy of the country. Many potential adaption measures such as decorate way practices, bleak varieties, crop rotary motion and water vigilance are utilise in wheat industry in Pakistan. However, these practices need to be customized, correct or incorporated in different ways to cope with the adverse effect of climate change.2.0 Adaptation planAppropriate alteration plan is required in the wheat industry to minimize and prevent the damage caused by the adverse effect of climate change and increase the production and yield of the crop. Well planned and wee adaptation strategies will not only save cost of production and cultivation techniques but in long term save millions of lives that depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood and employment. The adaptation strategies are needed at all aims of garbage disposal like local, portional and national. Therefore the objective of this paper is to set up an adaptation and mitigation plan for wheat industry in Pakistan to abrogate or minimize the challenges caused by high temperature, unpredicted rainfall and extreme endure condition.2.1 Government involvement Pakistan is signatory to 15 Multilateral environmental Agreements which is mainly related to climate change, biodiversity and rehabilitation. On the basis of its international commitments, Pakistan established a number of policies, projects and framework to reduce the environmental hazards such as National Disaster heed Authority, Global Change Impact Study Centre and Task Force on Climate Change. However, the country is fluid in the hunt for further international assistance and support (khan et al. 2013). The regime of Pakistan together with all the agencies involved should focus on might building, circulation of pecuniary resource and technology, research for agriculture development, understructure and framework and therefore, develop effective adaptation strategies and policies to reduce the vulnerability of wheat industry regarding changes in climate.2.2New gentility political platform2.2.1As describe earlier, temperature and rainfall both has devastating effect on wheat grain yield in Pakistan. Successful and productive fructify breeding program is needed to be adapted to enhance the production and yield. The temperature is projected to increase in the northern areas of Pakistan coupled with high rainfall, in such area slow maturing cultivars having greater heat requirement should be place that have positive effect on the photosynthetic activity of wheat. However, the kingdom with the high temperature and decrease rainfall (arid and semi arid plains of Pakistan) the whea t cultivars having early rosinessing characteristics with wide language spacing should be sown as this will allow grain formation in tankful part of the year (Van Ittersum et al. 2003). Moreover, seed with good crop establishment, early hybrid vigour, antiphonal to increase in carbon dioxide submergence and ability to retain die harder in windy and hot climate is needed to be ingrained (Richards 2002). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that crop varieties resistant to high temperature and of short continuance should be formed in order to minimize the adverse impact of high temperature.2.2.2 High temperature is expected to reduce the insecurity of frost and increase the grain yield. Therefore, wheat should be sown earlier so that plant can set up the grain formation in the cooler period when there is low risk of frost (Howden et al. 1999). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that alternative sowing dates should be used to avoid the adverse impact of high temperature on the cr op at the time of sowing or other refined growth stages.2.1.3 The climate change favours the infestation of insect, pest and diseases which lowered the yield of the crop. The best measure is to use integrated pest do itment outline and Area Wide instruction that is the coordination of the farmers and the policy makers of the entire areas. Furthermore, the use of genetically modified crop resistant to peat and disease should be introduced and cultural practices need to be modified such as mixed cropping and crop rotation to reduce the spread of disease (Stokes Howden 2008).Pakistan Agricultural research and development sector is focusing on all these strategies and development of new varieties of wheat to reduce the risk of climate change.2.3Crop rotation and managementVarious crop management practices can be used to reduce the risk of the wheat crop to environmental hazards. Such as in case of heavy rainfall the growers need to adapt the zero tillage practices so as to have gr eater infiltration. Avoid compaction of the soil by farm, machines, human and stock certificate traffic (Easterling et al, 2007). However, in poor rainfall areas of Pakistan wide rows and skip row planting should be practiced to increase the yield and stability of the wheat. beat et al. (1996) reported that the timing, variety of the crop and rate of plant food application should be based on the seasonal rainfall and available soil moisture and nutrient cognitive sumedness of the soil. Furthermore, use of modern agriculture technology like laser land levelling and crop diversification should also be include into consideration.2.4Milling quality2.4.1 Wheat grain contain high level of protein content such as durum wheat but increase level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere negatively affect protein content and hence reduce its flour quality. However, the reduction depend on the excerption of cultivar selected and amount of normality fertiliser applied (Rogers et al, 1998). To maintain the normality content of the wheat grain, increase use of leguminous crop or increase use of nitrogen fertilizer need to be adopted (Hayman and Alston 1999). The growers should incessantly monitor the nitrogen content of the paddock and should be wholesome aware of the nitrogen management in the cropping outline. Furthermore, nitrogen leaching, poor crop vigour, high rainfall during grain filling all contribute to decrease in protein content of the grain. Appropriate breeding program and effective policies is needed to enhance the quality of the harvest.2.4.2 During the past 60 years there has been tremendous increase in flour mill around in Pakistan. Starting with 19 flour mills, currently, 915 mills are works in Pakistan. It is therefore proposed that instead of having too galore(postnominal) flour mills, only few huge mills should be action which will positively affect the economy of the country.2.5land and wet resource Management2.5.1 Water is enormously impo rtant for agriculture sector of Pakistan and it economy, which depends on the scrimpy natural resources. The agricultural sector of Pakistan mainly depends on Indus river system (IRS) for 90% of its irrigation (Piracha and Majeed 2011). However, this natural resource is getting scarce with the time and prim water management practices should be reformed under the prevalence of climate change. agree to Sayed (2008), the National Water Policy of the country has made a sheer(a) and rational institutional framework policy to meet the demands of the twenty inaugural century. Moreover, the Integrated Water Management Approach is also implemented based that is based on the utilization of both break through and ground water. The precedent also mentions that reallocation of water at the provincial level by balancing water availability to cropping system is one of the important line of the National Water Policy. Furthermore, tally to Iqbal et al. (2009) comprise irrigation system of Pakistan need be customised to maximise the water use efficiency and appropriate irrigation technology should be used. Furthermore, the author also mentions that alteration in row spacing and the use of drought tolerant varieties need to be used to minimize the loss of water. The construction of small dams and checks on the Indus River and its tributaries would increase storage of water and decrease the severity of floods.2.5.2The unpredicted rainfall, rise in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration negative affect the composition of soil. The loss of nutrient such is phosphorus and nitrogen through surface runoff and leaching negatively affect the growth of the wheat. As reported by Hayman and Alston 1999 congruous amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be added to the paddock in order to have good crop establishment. Moreover, proper soil management practices should be adopted to minimise the risk of surface runoff and leaching.2.6Transport infrastructureHike in temperature as well as increase intensity and frequency of extreme events such as heavy rain, snowfall and flood have substantial impact on the transport infrastructure of Pakistan and cause severe destruction of railways, roads, shipping and airports. good adaptation measures should be taken to increase the resilience of infrastructure and this could be done by two ways. The first one is to construct the new infrastructure according to the magnitude and sensitivity of the particular area to the present and future predicted climate. Secondly the existing infrastructure should be made more resistant to changing climate by retrofitting and continues monitoring and maintenance.2.7Seasonal weather announceAs reported by Iqbal et al. (2009) the advance seasonal forecast is one of the best options to take appropriate adaptive measures. Furthermore, lift et al. (2006) also elaborated that using climate information (seasonal forecast) in conjunction with system analysis producer can significantly redu ce various risks. On the basis of weather forecast, farmers need to adopt different operations. Such as if forecast is about the drier weather the farmers need to apply bring out application of some of nitrogen fertilizer to ensure good planting, and also maximize no till area. But if the forecast is about sloughy season then farmers should sow the wheat earlier and apply antimycotic agent to minimize the effect of leaf disease of wheat (Meinke and Hochman, 2000).2.8Disaster risk reductionUnpredicted pattern of monsoon rain and melting of glacier due to rise in temperature increase the level of water in the Indus Delta of Pakistan and subsequently these phenomena result in flooding. Effective strategic plan is required to maintain the incessant and balance water flow in the river and to meet the future demands of the society. As reported by sheikh et al. (2008) expansion of the natural reservoir capacity is needed in order to decrease the risk of flooding and drought and to addr ess the consequent decrease in the river flow after all glacier have been melted. Moreover, the authors also mention that the reservoir should also be spread out in order provide the minimum water flow to the sea to prevent the intrusion of the water into the Indus delta kingdom and to meet the future of necessity of the water.2.9Economy and Financial institution2.9.1 As stated earlier, Pakistan economy for the most part depends on agriculture sector and wheat is the main staple crop of the country. The decrease in yield and quality of wheat has negative impact on the economy of Pakistan. In order to minimise the burden on the economy of Pakistan, development of new policies and appropriate measures to be implemented that could help oneself in eradicating the hazards and catching the positive effects of climate.2.9.2 Loan policies of financial institution can greatly limit the option for the growers to adjust farm management practices in light of change. These financial institut ions may have to change their policies according to the needs of the farmer and predicted changes in the environment. Moreover, they should support and educate the farmers about forrader selling and play constructive role the industry.3.0Barriers to adaptation strategies3.1 Pakistan being an agriculture country is extremely vulnerable to climate change. However, Pakistan does not have the proper monitoring and screening system for the prediction of extreme events like flood, storm or changes in the climate that makes the development of short term adaptation strategies and mitigation measures immensely difficult. Although several weather station are working in different parts of the countries, but still due to the divers(a) topography some significant region are left uncovered (Climate jeopardy Adaptation Profile 2011). Moreover, the existing findings proposed that Karakorum glacier are expanding but these finding are based on the restrictive information of glacier snouts and sugg est that loss of muckle in Karakorum glacier reduce the quality and availability of water. As reported by to Sheik et al. (2008), there is a lack of current knowledge and evaluation techniques on the effect of climate change on the Hindu Kush region and lack of understanding and model assessment of glacier melting pattern and flow of water in Indus River. 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